Reflections on World's Leadership Research Paper

Reflections on World's Leadership - Research Paper Example (page 6) iv. What I have learnt from her†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (page 7) V. George W. Bush- A Demonstration of BadLeadership i. His Actions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (page 7) ii. His Leadership Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (page 8) iii. Reasons underlying My Perception of Him†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... (page 9) iv. What I have learnt from him†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... (page 9) VI. Conclusion_________________________________________(page 10) VII. Bibliography________________________________________(page 11) Introduction Who is a â€Å"Leader†? Does it refer only to those who rule the masses by virtue of their political authority? Do the activists who never held office but had the ability to move the masses through their ideas and visions also deserve inclusion? Does it include only those who had a positive influence on the world or also those who brought about damage and destruction? Moreover, what is Leadership? Such eternal questions concerning the mystery of great leadership have fascinated men ever since the creation of mankind. The world has always stood in awe of the leaders thriving within it. Great Western scholars like Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch and Machiavelli have reflected, in their works, upon leaders and their use of power. In fact even the Bible can be regarded as a treatise on leadership in human and divine form. But for the early civilisations, leadership was one of the most observed and least understood phenomena on earth. It was finally in the eighteenth century that man could actually figure out a discrete sense of the word â₠¬Å"leadership†. With the dawn of Enlightenment, man started applying reason and science to concepts that were till then explained by religion. The advent of the various branches of social science such as evolutionary history, political science and psychology helped to frame general theories and models of leadership. Trends in Leadership Studies The first dominant framework on leadership was the Trait Theory or the â€Å"Great Men† Theory which was proposed in the early twentieth century. It focussed on the five central traits possessed by leaders- intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity and sociability. The theory claimed that leaders are born, not made. Galton (1869) contributed to this theory by stating that â€Å"no man can achieve a very high reputation without being gifted with very high abilities†. Carlyle (1910) also asserts that â€Å"the history of the world is the history of great men†. Mid-twentieth century saw the rise of the Be haviourist school of leadership which emphasized on the actions and dominant behaviour of the leaders. This period was marked by a parallel research at Ohio State and Michigan University that highlighted the leaders’ behaviour on the job, use of authority and task-relationship orientation. Later, scholars such as Fred Fiedler realised that a leader must match his/her situation and leadership style should vary depending on the situation and context. This gave way to a third phase of leadership studies, known as the Contingency school, which focussed on task structure, leader-member relationship and power position (Shoup, 2005, pp. 2-4). The modern proponent of leadership studies is James McGregor Burns who has brought about a marked transition in this genre through his classification of the transactional and transformational leader. According

Self assignment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Self assignment - Term Paper Example result, I like to come up with new ways of solving problems, and this often calls for innovation, as such I would like to think of myself as an innovative individual. However, sometimes I tend to go overboard and end up making matter worse with my â€Å"innovation† this is because I can get distracted and in my attempt to use new ways ignore old ones which may be better and more convenient. As I grew up, I was an avid reader of books and I often tried to practice some of the ideas I learnt in real life or to improve on them. For example, in junior high school, I along with 3 of my classmates won the annual science prize for coming up with a homemade solar powered lamp and water heater made from locally available materials including old disused solar panels. This attributes can be explained by my IEI, emotional intelligence test which were rated ENTP, this means I am a creative resourceful and broad minded individual quick on his feet and I can think about a wide range of issues objectively. New ideas exited me and I do not shy away from debating on any issue, since I have no inhibitions about offering my opinion accepting criticism or even giving some. In the IIC5 test, it emerged that I am a patient and strategic individual; I can spend hours on end mulling on a problem until I come up with a solution, as a result, I believe in looking for easier ways of carrying out tasks, but I do not cut corners or ignore protocol in for the sake of quick results. This is because to me it was worth taking time and effort to get good final result than to rush over cutting corners only to come up with substandard answers. This is an approach I have tried and tested over the years more so in my studies where I prefer to strategize patiently and always have a contingency plan in case the original one does not work. Despite this, I sometimes procrastinate and self-deceive that I am being patient while in reality am just avoiding to tackle a problem head on especially when I feel

Impact Of It On Journalism Media Essay

Impact Of It On Journalism Media Essay The evolution of technology continues to revolutionize the journalism industry. Television, computers and the internet are among many technologies which have significantly impacted the way in which news is researched, written and published. This report will analyse the impact of IT on journalism over the past four years. It will look particularly at how recent web technologies have impacted journalists research techniques and affected the expectations of readers. It will further look into the ethical implications such technologies have bought to journalism and the sustainability issues pertinent to the industry. Researching news Web 2.0 technologies have had significant influence on journalists researching techniques. They have impacted the ways in which journalists find story ideas, make contacts and acquire information. The 2009 Arketi Web Watch Survey revealed journalists sources of story ideas (Figure 1.1). The results demonstrate a considerable reliance upon Web 2.0 technologies, including blogs, Wikis, RSS feeds, podcasts and social networks. Figure 1.1 Sources of Story Ideas Neumeiers article reviewing the 2007 Arketi Web Watch Survey suggests that the connections Web 2.0 technologies enable, allow journalists to make contacts and ultimately acquire information. Such virtual networking means journalists can obtain information, including opinions, quotes and photos, without personally knowing a contact, but by contacting or following them via social media sites (Sherratt, 2010). Web 2.0 on whole, provides journalists with convenient access to a wide variety of both primary and secondary information sources. Reader expectations Recent technology influenced trends have impacted the expectations of news readers. Unlike a newspaper, if an online reader is if dissatisfied with a news source, they are able to easily and freely switch to another. According to a 2010 survey, 57% of online news seekers visit between two and five sites a day; while only 21% have a single site they routinely visit (Pew Research Centre, 2010). Journalists are hence forced to meet the expectations of online news seekers in order capture and maintain their readers attention and ensure their stories are read. Social news, citizen journalism and mobile internet are all recent trends influenced by technology which have impacted the expectations of news readers. Social news News consumption is a socially-engaging and socially-driven activity (Pew Research Centre, 2010). Tom Regan describes online journalism as a two-way one-to-one model in contrast to conventional, one-way, we write, you read journalism. He claims in his article, The Digital Journalist written in 1997, that there is a strong demand from readers to be able to interact with the writer and other readers of news stories. In 2010, with Web 2.0 technologies, which encourage participation and interaction on the internet, an even greater expectation is held by readers to be able to contribute to and share news. The Pew Research Centre (2010) survey revealed that most readers believe that keeping up with the news is a social or civic obligation. The survey also highlighted that 37% of online news readers have contributed to the creation of news, commentary about it, or dissemination of news via social media. These trends have been influenced by advancements in web technologies which allow reader s to comment on stories, participate in forums and easily share links. The impact of social news consumption means that successful news stories encourage and facilitate reader participation. Citizen journalism Citizen journalism is a growing trend influenced by widespread individual access to cameras and online publishing platforms. Nine percent of news readers surveyed in 2010 revealed that they have contributed to the news by creating their own original news material or opinion piece (Pew Research Centre, 2010). These amateur news pieces can include reports, pictures, videos or audio and are usually published on blogs or social networking sites. Twitter, a micro-blogging site established in 2006 (Lur, 2010), is one such example of a site where citizen journalism is widespread. Twenty-six percent of its US users say they primarily use the site for news seeking (TNS and The Conference Board, 2009). On many occasions Twitter users, assisted by newswires (which monitor topic trends and divulge the latest news to a network wider than the original posters (Catone, 2009)), have beaten mainstream media in breaking news stories. For example, reports of earthquakes in the UK and China in 2008 were initially found on Twitter (Catone, 2009). Competing with such on-the-spot reporting is almost impossible for mainstream journalists as readers expect all reports to be equally as current as Tweets. However, Tweets are generally uninformative due to their 140 character limit and citizen reports are usually seen as unreliable (Kanalley, 2009). Professional journalists are hence expected to, and must hence compete by, promptly reporting exclusive, informative and accurate news which citizen journalists cannot offer. The future of citizen journalism is promising with the launch of sites such as BBCs Your News. Yeon-ho, the creator of, OhmyNews.com, a popular Korean citizen news site, describes the future of journalism as a pro-am (professional-amateur) concept of combining citizen reporters with trained professional journalists and editors (OConnor, 2007). This is backed up by BBCs claims that Your News makes use of a huge range of material being sent to the BBC by the public, some of which has provided real newsgathering value (Hoffman, 2006). Mobile internet The continuing increase in the use of mobile internet devices, such as Smartphones, has a corresponding affect on the number of readers accessing news via mobile internet (Diaz, 2010). The number of US mobile internet users is expected to rise from 89.2 million in 2010 to 134 million in 2013 (eMarketer, 2009), inevitably leading to a further increase in mobile news readers. The nature of mobile news will affect the expectations readers have on how news is presented. On the internet, readers tend to scan pages; similarly, or to a greater extent, they will do so on their mobile devices. Well written information for the web is said to have 50% less words than a print article and should ensure information can be easily extracted through scanning (Thomas, 2010). Journalists will hence need to ensure their works can be easily scanned. News organizations websites will also need to be compatible with, and easily accessible and appealing on, mobile internet browsers and devices with small scr eens. Ethical Implications Integrity of information Among the Australian Journalism Associations Code of Ethics is an obligation to report and interpret honestly, striving for accuracy, fairness and disclosure of all essential facts (Australian News Commentary, 2010). The integrity and accuracy of the information journalists provide to their readers can be tainted when sourcing information from the internet. One such example of inaccurate journalism is that of a quote believed to be by Maurice Jarre, reported  after his death by newspaper websites in the US, Britain, Australia and India. The quote was published on Wikipedia by a university student in Dublin, who later confessed the information to be a hoax (Pogatchnik, 2009). This story highlights how a lack of consideration of the integrity of sources can result in inaccurate reporting. Consequences of such can include damaged reputations, misled readers and law suits. Using privately published information Information found on the internet can often be publically published without the creator knowingly doing so. A survey on internet users found that out of those surveyed, 78% of the adult online population would change information they publish about themselves online if they thought the material would later be reproduced in the mainstream media (Press Complaints Commission, 2008). Using information found on social networking profiles, may therefore be considered breaching journalists ethical codes which aim to respect personal privacy and fairly, responsibly and honestly obtain material (Australian News Commentary, 2010). Writing for a global audience The internet is a global community; therefore, news published online can be accessed by readers from around the world. Journalists must hence consider the different cultural interpretations of the language, imagery and particularly humor and slang contained within their news stories. A Michael Jackson skit performed on Australias Hey Hey Its Saturday program in 2009 is one such example humor which caused international offence because of different cultural background and interpretations. The US and the UK believed the skit was racist and disgraceful; while the majority of Australian audiences enjoyed the lighthearted humor (Duck McCabe, 2009). A 1998 article titled Writing for the Web reiterates the point that humor is prone to elude, and possibly offend, a percentage of the audience. The article also makes references to the differences in how dates are written, which may result in inaccurate reporting, and alternative meanings of words and hand gestures, which may be insulting in so me cultures (Morelli, 1998). Sustainability issues The impact of online news has resulted in a continuing drop in newspaper sales which positively affects the sustainability of journalism (Malik, 2010). An audit revealed that The Age newspaper consumes approximately 146kg of paper, per year, per subscription (Monday Friday) (House in Harmony, 2009). A 2010 comparison of The Age sales shows a 4.1% drop to 189,500 since 2009; a figure attributed to an increase in online readings (Malik, 2010). If these newspapers were not printed, approximately 3250kg of paper would have been saved in the year, along with reductions in carbon emissions produced by printers and other publishing machines. This decline in sales also reduces the emissions produced by deliveries to homes and retailers and reduces the consumption of plastic used to wrap delivered papers (House in Harmony, 2009). However, reading news online will increase the time readers spend on their computers and consequently produce more computer-generated emissions. Nonetheless, the co nsumption of news will be less wasteful as readers selectively view articles online, instead of purchasing an entire newspaper. Furthermore, increasing developments in Green IT improving energy efficiency and aspiring to reduce e-waste mean that a complete conversion to online publishing is a sustainable initiative for the future. Conclusion Technology, particularly the internet has had a significant and continuous impact on the journalism industry. Web 2.0 technologies have made it easier for journalists to find news stories and acquire information; while the expectations of news readers have been impacted by recent technology influenced trends including social news, citizen journalism and mobile internet access. The use of the internet to research and publish stories means that journalists must ethically consider the integrity and privacy of information they exploit and the obligations which come with writing for a global audience. Publishing news online also proves to be a sustainable initiative for the future as it reduces paper consumption and carbon emissions.

The warmth of human emotion :: essays research papers

The Warmth of Human Emotion Heat and warmth are usually depicted as elements of comfort and security. This warmth is what people crave to achieve this comfort. In Evelyn Lau’s â€Å"Family,† the heat and warmth give deeper meaning in regards to human emotion. The contrasting images of ice and cold as well resemble the abstract human emotion in the short story. The elements are used in such a way as to satisfy the hunger of emotional warmth in regards to the characters Zoe and Douglas. As the story unfolds there is a sense of coldness surrounding the community. The setting stage for the action is in fact a community in a cold winter. Through warmth is how one reaches one’s own comfort level. It is noted to the extent that one must almost search for the warmth inside one’s self to achieve this comfort. In the case of Zoe she achieves warmth though emotional stability. Both Zoe and Douglas do search for this but by intention are both quite different. As the friendly relationship between the two progresses, it soon evolves into a hot and steamy relationship full of adultery and deception. Lam 2 Zoe in the case of the relationship is the one who seems to crave this warmth. It is soon noted that her attraction towards Douglas becomes almost too great for her to control herself. Even though she knows that the man she desires is a well-respected man with a wife and children, she feels compelled to satisfy her own desire, thus deeming herself as being selfish. Yet at this point, as she is acquainted with the wife, Ellen, she still thinks about the warm touch of Douglas’ hand and how she is drawn to his warmth. As Zoe is left alone by herself, thoughts of sexual depictions come into her mind. As cold as she feels she pictures Douglas and his Wife in a cuddling scenario in the master bedroom. At this point she feels somewhat jealous of the fact that Ellen is his wife instead if herself. By occupying her mind with images of Douglas â€Å"wrapp[ing] his arms around his wife, her stomach and, her breasts† (Lau 1153), Zoe feels even more compelled to satisfy her desire f or Douglas. Her craving for Douglas’ emotional warmth becomes too unbearable for her as she watches the dead animals hung up in the organic-foods market. She â€Å"resist[s] the urge to lean forward and stroke her fingertips down the grain of their feathers and fur, towards the belly warm as the belly of a sleeping man† (Lau 1154).

Workplace Drug Screening Opinion Paper

Drug testing is a very sensitive issue to almost everyone. Its implications can be interpreted wrongly by some people. There are many ethical issues that should be considered before employees or workers undergo drug testing. â€Å"Recognizing that the situation differs in each country and each workplace, ethical issues are one of the most important concerns to be resolved before any testing is undertaken. Rights of workers to privacy and confidentiality, autonomy, fairness, and the integrity of their bodies must be respected, in harmony with national and international laws and jurisprudence, norms and values† (International Labour Office, 1993, p. 103). In California, the State Law regarding drug testing states that â€Å"employers of 25 or more must reasonably accommodate employee wishes to participate in a rehabilitation program, provided no undue hardship is created; the employee may not have to pay for preemployment or continuing employment exam; and the California Department of Health interprets the state's laboratory licensing law to prohibit any drug test not performed in a certified laboratory or by a licensed physician† (U. S. Department of Labor). Employers have different reasons to conduct drug testing including â€Å"preemployment detection of illicit drug use, determination of fitness to work, maintenance of workplace security, and confirmation of suspended illicit drug or alcohol use† (Sloboda & Bukoski, 2003, p. 201). Drug testing is as simple as it sounds. It uses different methods to determine if illegal drugs or alcohols are being abused by those tested. â€Å"The most common types of drug testing use Breathalyzers and laboratory studies of urine, blood, and hair specimens† (Hanson, Venturellli, & Fleckenstein, 2005, p. 12). Aside from these, some methods also make use of saliva and sweat. The most common drugs that are detected by drug tests include amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, marijuana, and metamphetamines (Rodnay, Common Drugs That Are Detected Through Drug Testing). Many companies manufacture drug testing kits that are available for laboratories to use and check for the prese nce of drugs in people's body fluids. Because there are a lot of drug test kits in the market, it is important to determine the reliability of these kits. A lot of companies use drug screen tests, which are not reliable, yielding approximately 10 percent of false positive results (Lectric Law Library). These false positive results lead to problems mostly for the worker. The employee would face embarrassment, discrimination, and a permanent mark on his or her employment and personal records. This is the reason why it is very important to conduct confirmation tests on those who have tested positive in the initial screening. This is also the reason why employers should not readily judge those workers who have tested positive for drug screening. Discrimination, as to who should be tested or not, should not happen in the workplace. Also, it should not be assumed that a certain company or workplace does not have employees who use and abuse drugs because drug users can not be stereotyped. It is not limited to any gender, race, sex, or status. Individuals who are in the top position of a company is not different to a common worker in terms of drug use. Both persons abuse drugs and this will appear on their screening tests and their positions can not be detected by drug screening kits. Employers should conduct random drug tests that are truly random. In this way, the number or percentage of those using illicit drugs can be seen without judgment to others. This also ensures that all workers will have second thoughts on using drugs. Because of the increase in the number of people abusing illicit drugs over the years, drug screening in the workplace is important to employers. It provides them assurance that their employees are healthy and that they are able to perform their job well. Drug testing also assures employers and companies of security in the workplace. They are concerned of their businesses because when employees do not do their jobs and have poor performances, the whole company would suffer. Ultimately, both parties would lose: workers will be fired with permanent mark on his or her employment history and companies will lose money, especially when the number of employees who use drugs is large. To avoid these problems, people should take more preventive actions and cautions. Privacy is an important factor. Drug screening programs in the workplace is considered lawful only when the nature of the test and the procedures used respect the worker's rights (Howard-Martin, 2002). Employers should always respect the privacy of their workers. On the other hand, employees should respect their employees and their jobs. Using drugs, especially at the workplace, or coming to work under its influence is a sign that workers do not value their job and do not respect their employers and the people around them. When all ethical and legal issues are considered and taken care of, drug screening in the workplace will not become a problem for both parties involved. Indeed, dealing with drugs at work is not easy and very complicated. Not all situations are the same and not all laws can always be applied. Things are different with each company. As well, not all employees are the same. This is why it is never a good idea to discriminate. Although employers can find themselves with limited options when an employee is found to be using illicit drugs (About. om), some companies still take actions by providing assistance to their workers or letting their employees go. The importance of drug screening in the workplace can not be denied. It is always better to know that employees are capable of handling their work and performing well without causing trouble to the whole company or his or her coworkers. Drug screening, random or mandatory, at work may be one of the many ways to ensure that a company is d oing well and a safe and secured workplace environment can be given to the workers.

Workplace Motivation

Motivation in the workplace is the single most influential factor in achievement of higher productivity and profitability by an organization. Over the years, psychologists have concurred with social analysts and workplace managers that employees indeed act as the main springboard to effectively promote objectivity of their organizations management plans (Weiner, 1985). It is from this notion that motivation in most of the organizations has been assimilated not just at the top management levels only, but at the lower sections to derive genuine intrinsic returns. Owing to this consideration, this paper seeks to explore workplace motivation strategies, their related theories and affects in organizations' workplace settings. Deriving this interlink, the paper outlines various recommendations that could be employed to effect the necessary changes and therefore assimilate holistic productivity and progress. 2. Affects of motivational strategies on work productivity a) Introduction In my organization where I work [XYZ] workplace motivation has been the defining factor for its current success. As an airline company, the management underscores the need to strongly motivate the employees as they are entirely independent in their operations by nature of their jobs. Though the concept of giving the highest possible quality to the consumers through motivating the staff was initially not effectively understood, entry of the current Chief Executive officer made the notion easy to grasp and apply with ease. b) Organizational efforts to promote performance Due to the high level competition in the airline industry, measures that have the capacity to promote returns are always welcome. As a result, workers motivation has been assimilated as a major facet for enhancing greater returns. Therefore, the management has facilitated the formation and operation of teams and groups at the lower levels of employees. Use of teamwork and team leadership has therefore brought the staff and employees at the decision making level as they are entrusted with all the major activities that take place during flights. Indeed, this model been hailed and emulated by other airlines in that the staff is entrusted to address all the emergent issues to generate the highest possible satisfaction to the consumers. Besides, unlike other airline companies that keep on hiring and firing their staff, XYZ observes a high retention system with internal promotions serving as a major motivational consideration. After the terrorist attack at world trade center in US, XYZ maintained its entire staff as others strongly downsized to cater for the crisis period as more people drifted away from air flights. Top leadership and management officials are identified and promoted from the teams’ operations efficiency. Such emergent leadership has been a strong motivating facet to the level lower employees as they seek to follow the same trend to get at the top. Bridging the gap between the top management and the lower level employees has perhaps been the best motivating notion that the company employs to boost the morale of the workers in their duties. Since the onset of the current economic crisis the management has sought to break the previous hierarchical mode of management and bring together all the staff to work together at all times. By bringing them closer to the management, it became much easier to understand their overall needs and sentiments therefore pro-actively solving them. Indeed, discussions and problem analysis between the management and staff in search for solutions and alternatives has become part of the XYZ culture. This brings out the sense of ownership and identity which drives the employees to work in their organizations with great efforts as they would have done for their personal jobs. It is from the above efforts that XYZ maintained its profitability after the terrorist attack in the year at the world trade center and the current economic downturn as the employees seek to gather more efforts from the continuous motivation they generate. c) Employees resistance to increasing productivity It is worth noting that though the management has over the years been strongly committed to enhance greater motivation, strong resistance has also been increasing with time. Some of the employees view the current initiatives as a facet to divide them in that some cannot be able to get the different team leaders positions or being promoted. Though the management has been considering this to be part of the anti development group that generally views any form of development from a negative point of view, the company leadership has often been cautioned to ensure that it does not spread to the rest of the staff. This has prompted the management to establish a general criterion to be used for promotions and awards therefore preventing any sense of sabotage among them. To add to that, bulk of the major changes have seen introduction of modernistic highly computerized and automated systems to not only reduce the time of service to the consumers, but promote the general quality and utility equivalence of the payment. However, this has been interpreted to indicate possible threats to their jobs even with the management confirmation of total retention for all the staff. This has further been linked with the overall resistant nature of the human beings in their work places emanating from their complexity analysis of the present events but overshadowed by the future uncertainty. ) Management philosophy of motivation and practices Application of motivation systems by the company has been deeply based on the understanding of interplay between the different needs of the employees and their efforts to see higher productivity. As a result, the management overview has been in a twin fold model where the general returns to the staff acts as the main driving force to their general efforts. Though this has been cited to be the major factor in the company behind its success, a general shift was recorded when the employees suggested their allowances reduction to anchor the general company's cost reduction strategy. As Hatch underscores in his model of cultural dynamic, the ability of the staff to effectively support the management decisions depends on how the leadership will harmonize their views and needs of the workers to reduce the overall resistance to infer the necessary motivation for work and innovation (2000). In this respect XYZ brought sought to bring the management closer to the staff by invoking the necessary autonomy in their work, reducing the hierarchical management system, and incorporating the employees in the decision making process. 3. Implications of applying other motivational theories a) Vroom's expectancy theory Though XYZ application of motivational theories has been highly integrative of the different theories due to its nature, some have not been effectively applied. To begin with, Vroom's expectancy theory indicates that motivation to the staff and employees is based not only on the material well being, but to attain the necessary anticipated outcome as the general achievement and assimilate the belief that the exerted effort has been helpful in promoting the status of the company. Application of this theory would be of great essence to the company management by being self driven from the onset, carefully self evaluated, and highly cautious to raise productivity and profitability of the company. However, its application would perhaps be highly controversial due to lack of the necessary guidance as exemplified by the present management of XYZ. However, it would be a great relevance in reducing the overall expenses and therefore put greater emphasis on productivity and profitability of the company. To the employees, this theory would infer mixed reactions on their perceptions in that the general assimilated attitude towards the company could be essential in enhancing their efforts towards higher production. However, it also has the capacity to be misinterpreted to indicate oppression by the management towards the employees and therefore become a major stabling block for productivity and progress in the company. It is therefore essential that its application be effected instantaneously to give the correct message to the employees. b) Aldefer's ERC theory. Then Aldefer's ERC theory indicates that for all the expected returns to be assimilated, the staff would be required to attain different set standards to get the necessary benefits attached to them (Bollesm, 1975). Though this would infer further need of grater returns to the company, the management may indeed get the direct opposite. Motivation as indicated in the earlier sections in this paper should be self driving without a sense of coercion. Possible standards should always be established in consultation with the staff to affect the general acceptability of the system by all. For the employees in the company, this would be viewed as part of the general initiative to render them unworkable. Indeed, it has the capacity to spark unrest from the general sense of inferiority to attain the different set standards. It is imperative that such level marks are set at the possible levels that the staff would be able to attain and more importantly in teams. 4. Conclusion It is from the above discussion that this paper concludes by supporting thesis statement that motivation in the workplace is the single most influential factor in achievement of higher productivity and profitability by an organization. It is important that staff is carefully handled by the management to generate the necessary perception from them for higher productivity. Motivation should be integrated to the general culture of the company in a manner that all the major operations project to profitability. To add to that, the management should give the employees the necessary room to contribute creatively and promote innovation for higher returns.